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Mechanical properties of metallic materials
The performance of metal materials is generally divided into two categories: process performance and service performance. The so-called process performance refers to the mechanical parts in the manufacturing process, the performance of metal materials in the cold and hot processing conditions. The process performance of metal material determines its adaptability in the manufacturing process.
The performance of metal materials is generally divided into two categories: process performance and service performance. The so-called process performance refers to the mechanical parts in the manufacturing process, the performance of metal materials in the cold and hot processing conditions. The process performance of metal material determines its adaptability in the manufacturing process. Due to different processing conditions, the required process performance is different, such as casting performance, weldability, forgeability, heat treatment performance, machinability, etc. The so-called use performance refers to the performance of metal materials under the conditions of use of mechanical parts, which includes mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, etc. The performance of metal materials determines its scope of use and service life.
In the machinery manufacturing industry, the general mechanical parts are used in normal temperature, normal pressure and non-strong corrosive media, and in the process of use, the mechanical parts will bear different loads. The performance of metal materials to resist damage under load is called mechanical properties (or mechanical properties).
The mechanical properties of metal materials are the main basis for the design and selection of parts. Different applied load properties (such as tensile, compression, torsion, impact, cyclic load, etc.) will require different mechanical properties for metal materials. Commonly used mechanical properties include: strength, plasticity, hardness, impact toughness, multiple impact resistance and fatigue limit. The various mechanical properties will be discussed separately below.
1. Strength
Strength refers to the performance of metal materials to resist damage (excessive plastic deformation or fracture) under static load. Because the action mode of load is tensile, compression, bending, shear and other forms, so the strength is also divided into tensile strength, compressive strength, bending strength, shear strength and so on. There is always a certain connection between various strengths, and the tensile strength is generally used as the basic strength pointer.
2. Plasticity
Plasticity refers to the ability of metal materials to produce plastic deformation (permanent deformation) without destruction under load.
3. Hardness
Hardness is a pointer to measure the degree of hardness of metal materials. At present, the commonly used method for measuring hardness in production is the indentation hardness method, which uses a certain geometric shape of the indenter to be pressed into the surface of the tested metal material under a certain load, and determines the hardness value according to the degree of indentation.
Commonly used methods include Brinell hardness (HB), Rockwell hardness (HRA, HRB, HRC) and Vickers hardness (HV).
4. Fatigue
The strength, plasticity, and hardness discussed above are all pointers to the mechanical properties of metals under static load. In fact, many machine parts work under cyclic loading, under which conditions the parts will fatigue.
5. Impact toughness
The load acting on the machine at a great speed is called impact load, and the ability of metal to resist damage under impact load is called impact toughness.
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